愛薇塔樂學英文

　　21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional simila

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　　21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. 隨著我的研究不斷深入，我對昆蟲和脊椎動物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來愈深刻，而對結構上的差異印象愈發淡漠，雖然這些結構上的差異初看上去似乎構成了二者間一條無法愈越的鴻溝。

　　22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. 雖然小說無疑起源於政治情狀，但其作者則是以非意識形態的方式對這些政治情狀作出反應的，而將小說和故事主要地當作意識形態的工具來探討，會在相當程度上阻礙小說事業。

　　23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic? 這究竟是一種缺陷呢，還是這些作者想要按照一種與眾不同的美學體系進行創作，抑或是在試圖創立一種與眾不同的美學體系？

　　24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? 不僅如此，有些黑人小說（比如JT的甘蔗）的風格接近與表現主義和超現實主義；這種技巧是否為流行的主題提供了一個和諧的對應呢？這種主題刻畫了黑人注意與之相抗爭的命運，這是一個通常用更為自然主義的表現手法所表達的主題。

　　25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. 《黑人小說》考察了極為廣泛的一系列小說，在此過程中讓我們注意到了某些引人入勝但卻鮮為人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韋爾登。詹森（James Weldon Johnson）的《一個曾經是有色人的自傳》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。

　　26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. 雖然這些分子允許可見波長（visible wavelength）的輻射——陽光的絕大部分能量就彙集於此——不受阻擋地穿透，但它們卻會吸收某些較長波長（longer-wavelength），亦即從地球表面輻射出的紅外發射（infrared emission），這種輻射若不是二氧化碳的緣故就會被重新輸送回太空。

　　27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints-ways of feeling，thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. 這些人類學家所歸諸于生物進化的作用，不是規定人類行為的種種細節，而是將各種限制強加於人類——即在任何文化的典型情景中都會"自然表露"的情感、思維、以及行動方式。

　　28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? 以下哪一個選項最有可能為文章中所談到的與人類行為有關的"人類行為細節"相對"人類所受限制"之間的差異，從人類形態的角度上提供了一個合適的類比？

　　29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers had removed most of the algae. 在存在大量食草動物的同時卻只有少量的水藻花粉囊，這暗示出——但沒能證明——食草動物已吞噬了大部分水藻。

　　30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net （net phytoplankton）, a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton （nannoplankton） that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. 可能這樣一個事實，那就是很多這樣的最初的研究只是考慮了那些能夠用網撈起來的大小的水藻，這樣一個忽視了更小的浮游生物（而這些浮游生物我們現在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，導致了在接下來的研究中對於捕食者的作用的貶低。

　　31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. 由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所進行的研究，對自然條件下的群落捕食速率進行了估計，其手段是通過測量出實驗室內單獨的浮游動物種類的捕食速率，然後利用已知的食草動物種群密度，計算出實地狀況下的群落捕食速率。

　　32. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer， Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. 在浮游動物數量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季後期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對於營養物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.

　　33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 水文迴圈（hydrologic cycle），作為該學科中的一個主要課題，指的是水所經過的諸現象的整個迴圈過程，開始時是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經過液體和固體形態，由此而沿著地層表面分佈或進入地層表面，最終通過蒸發和散發作用再度回復到大氣水蒸氣的形態。

　　34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. 只有當一個系統擁有自然的或人工形成的邊界來把邊界中的水與水文迴圈聯繫起來的時候，才有可能把整個的系統恰當的成為與水文地質學有關。

　　35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. 史學家弗雷德里克.傑.特納（Frederick J.Turner）於十九世紀九十年代著述道，美國約自18世紀70年代以來一直在持續不斷發展的農民不滿，由於國內邊遠地區（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說，美國農業系統進一步擴展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。

　　36. In the early 1950's，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. 二十世紀五十年代早期，研究前工業化時代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時期的歐洲）的史學家，首次以眾多的人數（楊鵬的書中：第一次以大量的資料），開始調查前工業化時代歐洲人口中的大多數，而非那些構成了政治與社會精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時為止普遍充斥于史學著作。

　　37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 象勒羅伊。拉迪裡（Le Roy Ladurie）一類的史學家利用這些文獻史料從中挖掘出某些個案史（case history）來，闡明了不同社會群體的態度（這些態度包括，但並非局限於，對犯罪和法律的態度），並揭示出當局是如何執行審判的。

　　38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? 從文章中可以推斷出來，一個希望比較十五世紀以前一個十年的某個歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個十年中的犯罪率的歷史學家將會被以下那種資訊的提高所最好的幫助？

　　39. My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 我的論點是，其作品的中心意識——它將階級和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個早期的文學遺產，而這一遺產就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數當代文學評論家的足夠重視。

　　40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. 即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來的生物材料應該對受移植者的組織無害，也能夠通過從研究組織培養對生物材料的反應而來的，或從研究短期移植而來的技術來滿足。