愛薇塔樂學英文

　　41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and

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　　41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質之間的介面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識，即什麼樣的分子控制著細胞彼此間的結合——而對這一領域，我們尚未進行充分的探索。

　　42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. 伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同於所有其它法律形式的現象——毋庸置疑，儘管就其主要內容和有積極意義的法規而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當數量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致於對它進行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現象的全部範圍。

　　43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. 儘管從歷史角度來看，在古代以色列作為獨立主權國家的猶太教法與大流散時期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服後古代猶太人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的猶太教法之間存在著一個明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書》（Old Testament）後半部分中法律內容的精神與《猶太教法典》（Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《猶太教法典》，是指大流散時期猶太教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。

　　44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，（examination）of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. 另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教（Arab paganism）的一種根本上的決裂；伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對各種雜亂無章、絕無共同點的法律內容進行考察所致的結果，而這些法律內容實際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過來的無數法律因素所構成。（as it did ）實際上是一句插入語。

　　45. One such novel idea is that （idea） of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，（there is ） the intensified research on legumes. 這其中的一個新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內注入並非是該植物自然構造一個部分的那些不相關聯的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識出來並被分離開來，而這些基因業已使豆科植物宜於充當那些具備固氮作用的細菌的寄主。由此，對豆科植物的研究日趨深入。

　　46. It is one of nature's great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants' leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. 下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對植物的生長構成了一個上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮氣的海洋中。

　　47. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. 除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進入到與固氮細菌共生關係的基因可被辨識出來和分離開來的話，且即使這些基因綜合體（gene complex），一旦被發現之後，其移植得以成為可能的話。

　　48. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack's categories）is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers, diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. 其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克（Maynard Mack）的兩個分類範疇的話〕是"人生作為外部景象"，因為讀者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來觀察其主人公奧德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富於悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現的則是"人生作為內心體驗"：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心靈產生共鳴，而其行為動機卻致使他變作一個並非特別惹人喜愛的主人公。（從分號後的語句推理出前面的意思）注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的

　　49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. 在一條成年比目魚身上顯著存在的諸多不對稱（asymmetry）特徵中，最為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位：在成年之前，一隻眼睛發生移動，因此在成年比目魚身上，兩隻眼睛均位於頭部的同一側面。

　　50. A critique of Handlin's interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660's suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded . 一個對於H的關於為何法律上的奴隸制沒有在17世紀60年代以前出現的原因所作解釋的批評顯示，關於奴隸制和種族偏見之間的關係的假說應當重新檢查，而且顯示出，對於在北美和南美之間的對黑怒的不同處理的解釋應當被擴展。

　　51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. 對於地幔分層論點來說，最好的證據乃這樣一個確認的事實，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據信是源於由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶岩流（mantle plume）——上發現的火山岩石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統的物質根本不同的物質構成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統的成因，大多數地質學家論辯道，為上部地幔。

　　52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. 但是，某些地質學家，以對地幔捕虜岩體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據，指出地幔並非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質性是由那些富含"不相容成分"的流質構成的，這些成分趨向於流體而非固體的狀態，自下而上滲透擴散，並依照這些流質流向的任意性，不規則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。

　　53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve's blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. F認為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判S-B的偉大作品的真正本質的視而不見的長篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其後又發現這一論文又勾起了其個人記憶及小說情節的萌生，使得後者取而代之形成了一部穩定展開的小說。

　　54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. 各種有意義的聯繫在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢幻般的情感，層出不窮並不斷重新組合排列；正是這些有意義的聯繫的豐富性和複雜性，致使普魯斯特難於將它們錯落有致地安排好。

　　55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb's newly published complete edition of Proust's correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. 但是我們當中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。

　　56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. 現在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國人的經歷來審視這個文化，我們的經歷是從一個主權的民族變成了新來的定居者的同胞，在最終淪落成為一個被征服的民族——在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數民族。

　　57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA's （cDNA's）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA's （mRNA's） of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna'S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA's should still bind to these mRNA's，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA's for the true hormones. 科學家可以製造出特異的（specific）互補DNA's（cDNA's），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA's（mRNA's）。如果大腦正在製造著肽激素，則細胞就會含有這些信使RNA's.假若細胞所製造的產品類似於肽激素但並非與這些肽激素全然相同，那麼，互補cDNA's應仍然和這些信使mDNA's粘結的程度。含有這些mRNA's的腦細胞然後就可以被分離開來，研究者可對其信使RNA's進行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質產品究竟是什麼，並確定這些蛋白質產品在何種程度上類似於真正的肽激素。

　　58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. 採用cDNA探子來測定肽激素的這一分子生物學方法同時也應該比免疫學的方法速度來得快，因為對於免疫的方法來說，需耗費好幾年枯燥的提純進程，方能將肽素分離了出來，然後再培養出針對它們的抗血清。

　　59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. 然而，研究P時代的研究者發展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統，用來顯示如果由他們來決定地質事件的話他們將會如何安排冰川紀。

　　60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. 這一序列演替（succession）所依據的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期並不直接相關的地質沉積物和地質事件，而不是依據更為普遍的現代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacial bed）中所發現的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發生間層化（interstatified）。