愛薇塔樂學英文

　　81. Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific

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　　81. Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin,from that donor are accepted permanently. 但是，我們已經發現，在許多種老鼠之間，這些移植法的"常規"並沒有被肝臟移植物所遵循。肝臟移植物非但從沒遭到過排斥，甚至還誘發了一種供者特異性無應答狀態（donor-specific unresponsiveness），在此狀態中，隨後來自那個供者其它器官的移植物，如皮膚，會永久地被接受。

　　82. As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered （by seismic waves）generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. 當岩石介面被穿過的時候，震波所遇到的彈性性質通常會發生突然的變化，這就使得一部分能量被反射回地面，在地面反射回來的波被震波紀錄儀記錄下來。

　　83. While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles,and throwing the date once more into utter confusion. 資料資料已被統計出來，或被重新統計出來，以便證明在文體學這方面，《乞援衰女》實際上確實在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》（後兩者現在則變成了"原始"的劇作）之後以及在軸殘片卻喚起了一種幽靈似的疑慮，即另一塊殘片有可能再度被挖掘出來，並證明，比如說，《乞援衰女》是作者藉以擊敗索福克勒斯的《達那特四部曲》的一部死後出版之作，從而將創作年代再度置於極度的混亂之中. 注：best:擊敗,=defeat, overcome, outdo

　　84. The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. 一個社會所創造出來藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成產生，以保存在這個社會看來具有本質意義的文化遺產的各個方面。

　　85. Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. 傳統上，風媒傳粉被看成是這樣的繁殖過程：其特徵就是由一些隨即事件的發生，在這些隨機事件裡，風的反復無常被大量的產生花粉所補償，以至於新種子的最終產生被保證了，其代價是產生遠遠多於實際使用量的花粉。

　　86. Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. 由於花粉粒在其長距離的運輸過程中所要面臨的潛在危險是巨大的，按上述觀點來看，由風授粉的植物補償了通過偶發事件而伴隨造成的花粉損失。其途徑是，製造出大於昆蟲授粉的植物種類所產生的花粉量的一至三個數量級的花粉量。

　　87. For example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone's surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. 例如，帶有胚珠的松球的鱗苞綜合體的螺旋狀安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，對於氣流模式的形成與產生殊為重要，而這些氣流模式在松球的表現盤旋上升，從而把在空氣中飛行的花粉從一個鱗苞傳播至下一個鱗苞。

　　88. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex into public industry". FE,卻預測婦女們將被從家庭的"社會、法律和經濟壓迫"中解放出來，只是通過使得徵召"整個女性階層進入公共的工業中去"成為可能的技術進步的方式做到的。

　　89. It was not the change in office technology,but rather the separation of secretarial work,previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880's created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women's work." 十九世紀八十年代，產生了新的一類"沒前途"的職業，這並不是因為辦公室技術發生了改變，而是由於秘書工作——在此之前被視作是初起步的經理們的一種習見訓練——與行政工作的分離。自此以後，這類"沒前途"的職業便被視作是"女人的工作。"

　　90. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire. 二十世紀已婚婦女在家庭以外就業的人數不斷增加，這與家務的機械化及這些婦女閒暇時間的增加並無多大聯繫，更多地是與婦女自身的經濟需要和高婚姻率相關。高婚姻率致使所能雇傭的單身女工的總量縮減，而在此之前的許多情形中，單身女性則是雇主們所願雇傭的唯一-一類婦女。 The pool of 如果後面跟著一群人，則表示勞動力資源

　　91. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. 請思考:如果文中說這句話的前提是：all population are driven by two （and only two） categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density-independent factors. 那麼作者說上面的這句話有什麼用意。解釋：本句雖然貌不驚人，但本書既然將其收錄進來，並標出難度5，就意味著其中有怪異之處。值得一提的是，本文前面曾把控制種群密度的因素分為兩種，一種叫做density-dependent factors（這裡簡稱d-d因素），另一種叫做dentsity-independent factors（簡稱d-I因素）。原文的直譯雖然好懂，但是總令人感覺說得不甚明白。顯然，GRE或GMAT的作者不可能隨便說一句無關痛癢的話，那麼沒有任何種群能夠在所有的時間全被d-I因素所控制，其真正意思是什麼呢？就是：一切種群都必然在某個時間內受到d-d因素的控制。本句是ETS在考試中慣用的正話反說的典型例子，請讀者深沉體會。本句在文章中也是理解作者態度的關鍵所在。

　　92. In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's investigation，we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. 為了能理解生態學家們所從事的研究的性質，我們可以把那些作用於增長參數的密度依賴效應視作生態學家們力圖將其分離並予以解釋的"信號"，正是這一信號傾向於使種群從相對較低的數值遞增，或從相對較高的數值遞減；而與此同時，那些密度獨立效應起到的作用則構成了種群動態變化中的"噪音".

　　93. But the play's complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois' famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity，or Fanon's emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. 但該劇有關黑人自尊可與人類團結相融合這一複雜觀點，絲毫都不比杜波伊斯（Du Bois）的理想或法儂（Fanon）的強調來得更為"矛盾"：杜波伊斯提出的著名的、深思熟慮的理想是，民族的自覺可以和人類大同共存；法儂則對理想的國際主義進行了強調，而這一理想的國際主義同樣也能相容民族身份與角色。

　　94. In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs' to Raisin in the Sun? 在以下哪一個選項中，文章的作者加強了她對類似這樣的對於《》做出的反應的批判呢？

　　95. Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker，these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. 作為二十世紀早期"進步派"史學家（如Beard和Becker）等人某些觀點的繼承者，這些近期的史學家所提出的觀點值得我們予以評價。

　　96. Despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. 儘管存在這些模糊範疇，但我們不應該斷然聲稱，在各個易於辨認出的階層之間所存在的敵對態度就無法被合理地觀察到。

　　97. Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. 然而，有些史學家強調在殖民者之間曾出現過一種普遍的一致意見。這些史學家如果不認識到各種矛盾的存在，就無法充分地理解這種一致意見，而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或壓制之後才有可能獲得那種一致意見。 It 指代：general consensus

　　98. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War？從文章中可以推斷出來，作者最有可能同意以下哪一個關於在美國革命戰爭中的社會經濟各階層及其對叛黨和保王黨的支持的陳述？

　　99. She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. 她希望拋棄傳統的方法和像芭蕾舞這樣已經確立的舞蹈語言，而希望探索人類表現力的內在源泉。

　　100. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. 儘管有可能從實際製造的商品和服務中可推知製造商和服務業認為他們的顧客所需要的是什麼，但只有對由實際顧客撰寫的相關的個人檔進行一番研究，方能提供一幅精確的圖畫，藉以說明"什麼樣的人"需要什麼樣的東西。