愛薇塔樂學英文

George Eastman (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll

George Eastman (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932) founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream. Roll film was also the basis for the invention of motion picture film in 1888 by the world's first filmmaker Louis Le Prince, and a decade later by his followers Léon Bouly, Thomas Edison, the Lumière Brothers and Georges Méliès.

He was an American inventor and philanthropist, who played a leading role in transforming photography from an expensive hobby of a few devotees into a relatively inexpensive and immensely popular pastime.

Early life

He was born in Waterville, New York, and was self-educated. In 1884, Eastman patented the first film in roll form to prove practicable; in 1888 he perfected the Kodak camera, the first camera designed specifically for roll film. In 1892, he established the Eastman Kodak Company, at Rochester, New York, one of the first firms to mass-produce standardized photography equipment. This company also manufactured the flexible transparent film, devised by Eastman in 1889, which proved vital to the subsequent development of the motion picture industry.

Eastman was associated with the company in an administrative and an executive capacity until his death and contributed much to the development of its notable research facilities. He was also one of the outstanding philanthropists of his time, donating more than $75 million to various projects. Notable among his contributions were a gift to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and endowments for the establishment of the Eastman School of Music in 1918 and a school of medicine and dentistry in 1921 at the University of Rochester.

Later years

In 1925, Eastman gave up his daily management of Kodak to become chairman of the board. He thereafter concentrated on philanthropic activities, to which he had already donated substantial sums. For example, he donated funds to establish the Eastman Dental Dispensary, in 1916. He was one of the major philanthropists of his time, ranking only slightly behind Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and a few others, but did not seek publicity for his activities. He concentrated on institution-building and causes that could help people's health. He donated to the University of Rochester, establishing the Eastman School of Music and School of Dentistry; to Tuskegee Institute; and to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), donations that provided the capital to build several of their first buildings at their second campus along the Charles River.

In his final two years, Eastman was in intense pain, caused by a degenerative disorder affecting his spine. He had trouble standing and his walking became a slow shuffle. Today it might be diagnosed as spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the spinal canal caused by calcification in the vertebrae. Eastman grew depressed, as he had seen his mother spend the last two years of her life in a wheelchair from the same condition. On March 14, 1932, Eastman committed suicide with a single gunshot to the heart, leaving a note which read, "My work is done. Why wait?" His funeral was held at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Rochester; he was buried on the grounds of the company he founded at Kodak Park in Rochester, New York.

Legacy

During his lifetime, he donated $100 million, mostly to the University of Rochester and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (under the alias "Mr. Smith").[2] The Rochester Institute of Technology has a building dedicated to Mr. Eastman, in recognition of his support and substantial donations. He endowed the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester.

In recognition of his donation, MIT has a plaque of Eastman (the rubbing of the nose of which is traditionally considered by students to bring good luck). Eastman also made substantial gifts to the Tuskegee Institute and the Hampton Institute. Upon his death, his entire estate went to the University of Rochester, where his name can be found on the Eastman Quadrangle of the River Campus. The auditorium at Mississippi State Universities Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering is named for Eastman in recognition of his inspiration to Mr. Swalm. His former home at 900 East Avenue in Rochester, New York was opened as the George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film in 1949. In 1954, the 100th anniversary of his birth, Eastman was honored with a postage stamp from the United States Post Office.

Eastman had a very astute business sense. He focused his company on making film when competition heated up in the camera industry. By providing quality and affordable film to every camera manufacturer, Kodak managed to turn its competitors into de facto business partners.

In 1926, George Eastman was approached by Lord Riddell, the Chairman of Royal Free Hospital, to fund a dental clinic in London. He agreed to give £800,000 which was matched by £80,000 each from Lord Riddell and Sir Albert Levy, the Royal Free's honorary treasurer.

The Eastman Dental Clinic was opened in November 20, 1931, by the American Ambassador in the presence of Neville Chamberlain. The building, which resembled the Rochester Dispensary, was totally integrated into the Royal Free Hospital and included three wards for oral, ear, nose, and throat and cleft lip and palate surgery and was dedicated to providing dental care for children from the poor districts of central London.

In a similar manner, Eastman went on to establish dental clinics in Rome, Paris, Brussels and Stockholm.

 

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簡介

1888年，首批投放市場的喬治·伊斯曼發明的柯達照相機，是一種簡單的手提方盒式照相機，裝有一卷可拍100張的紙底片。拍完後要送回廠內進行顯影、印像和重裝底片。1889年，伊斯曼生產了透明膠片；1892年，將原企業改組為伊斯曼一柯達公司。8 年後，生產了供兒童用的“白朗尼”照相機，每個售價1美元。　
　　到1927年，伊斯曼一柯達公司實際上已壟斷了美國攝影工業，並且是美國攝影工業中最大的公司之一。伊斯曼贈給羅切斯特大學（伊斯曼音樂學校是該大學的一部分）和麻省理工學院等單位達7500萬美元以上。他還是採用分發紅利的辦法來刺激工人的首創者。
　　1932年3月14日，柯達相機發明者喬治·伊斯曼自殺而死

人物介紹

喬治•伊斯曼1854年生於美國紐約州，8歲的時候，父親就去世了，他和母親及兩個姐姐相依為命，生活貧困，常常食不果腹，但他的母親還是努力讓他繼續念書。這—切，都在幼小的伊斯曼心中打下了深深的烙印，伊斯曼從小便被灌輸了獨立的意識。在14歲那一年，為了貼補家用，伊斯曼只得輟學去幫人做工。
　　在伊斯曼20歲時，他被紐約羅契斯特的一家儲蓄銀行錄用為一名辦事員，年薪是800美金。至此，伊斯曼的家境才稍有好轉。
　　有了固定的工作以後，對攝影有濃厚的興趣的伊斯曼，便節衣縮食把省下來的錢用來研究相機乾版攝影。
　　1881年1月，27歲的伊斯曼把自己節衣縮食省下的5500美元積蓄，在羅契斯特創立了照相機乾版製造公司，主要生產乾版膠片。在伊斯曼有這個想法的以前，攝影一直是在使用濕片，十分麻煩，但是濕片的製造卻比乾版的製造要簡單得多。對攝影十分著迷的伊斯曼卻沒有退縮，他相信他一定會成功的。這個乾版製造公司便是伊斯曼•柯達公司的前身。
　　伊斯曼一邊製造乾版，一邊對照相機的構造及性能進行仔細研究，他一直想製造出一種操作簡單的照相機。蒼天不負苦心人，七年之後，伊斯曼終於研製成了一種小型口袋式照相機，命名為“柯達第一號”。
　　1889年，公司改名為伊斯曼公司，兩年後，開始啟用伊斯曼•柯達公司這個名稱。

個人成就

創業之初，伊斯曼便確定了4條經營原則，即成本低廉、大批生產、大做廣告、面向世界。
　　為了貫徹他的經營原則，廣泛推廣其產品，1889年，喬治•伊斯曼開始在英國倫敦開設伊斯曼照相器材公司。19世紀末，他大舉進軍世界市場，在德國、法國、義大利等歐洲國家設立了銷售機構，並很快在歐洲建立了一個銷售網。
　　1895年，柯達公司以口袋式相機售價5塊美金，驚動了整個社會，更進一步奠定了伊斯曼•柯達飛速發展的基礎。
　　20世紀初，柯達的產品已打入南美洲和亞洲。
　　1927年，伊斯曼先後在英國、德國、加拿大、法國、澳大利亞5國建立了工廠，後來又在巴西建立了子公司，專門生產感光紙，並在墨西哥建立了生產設施；同時，透過五大洲的銷售公司或代理商，把商品賣給115個國家以上。此時，柯達公司的全體員工已超過10萬人，而伊斯曼的代理商及推銷機構，幾乎遍及世界各地。