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Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian physicist, particularly remember

Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian physicist, particularly remembered for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938 for his work on induced radioactivity, Fermi is widely regarded as one of the leading scientists of the 20th century, highly accomplished in both theory and experiment.Fermium, a synthetic element created in 1952, the Fermi National Accelerator Lab, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, and a type of particles called fermions are named after him.

Early years
Enrico Fermi was born in Rome, Italy, to Alberto Fermi, a Chief Inspector of the Ministry of Communications, and Ida de Gattis, an elementary school teacher who built her own pressure cooker[2]. As a young boy, he enjoyed learning physics and mathematics and shared his interests with his older brother, Giulio. When Giulio died unexpectedly of a throat abscess in 1915, Enrico was distraught, and immersed himself in scientific study to distract himself. According to his own account, each day he would walk in front of the hospital where Giulio died until he became inured to the pain. One of the first sources for the study of physics was a book found at the local market of Campo de' Fiori in Roma. The 900 page book, entitled Elementorum physicae mathematicae, was written in Latin by Jesuit Father Andrea Caraffa, a professor at the Collegio Romano, covered subjects like mathematics, classical mechanics, astronomy, optics, and acoustics. Notes found in the book indicate that Fermi studied it intensely. Later, Enrico befriended another scientifically inclined student named Enrico Persico, and the two worked together on scientific projects such as building gyroscopes, and measuring the Earth's magnetic field. Fermi's interest in physics was further encouraged by a friend of his father, Adolfo Amidei, who gave him several books on physics and mathematics, which he read and assimilated quickly.

Professor in Rome
Aged 24, Fermi took a professorship at the University of Rome (first in atomic physics in Italy) which he won in a competition held by Professor Orso Mario Corbino, director of the Institute of Physics. Corbino helped Fermi in selecting his team, which soon was joined by notable minds like Edoardo Amaldi, Bruno Pontecorvo, Franco Rasetti and Emilio Segrè. For the theoretical studies only, Ettore Majorana also took part in what was soon nicknamed "the Via Panisperna boys" (after the name of the road in which the Institute had its labs). The group went on with its now famous experiments, but in 1933 Rasetti left Italy for Canada and the United States, Pontecorvo went to France and Segrè left to teach in Palermo.

During their time in Rome, Fermi and his group made important contributions to many practical and theoretical aspects of physics. These include the theory of beta decay, with the inclusion of the neutrino postulated in 1930 by Pauli, and the discovery of slow neutrons, which was to prove pivotal for the working of nuclear reactors. His group systematically bombarded elements with slow neutrons, and during their experiments with uranium, narrowly missed observing nuclear fission. At that time, fission was thought to be improbable if not impossible, mostly on theoretical grounds. While people expected elements with higher atomic number to form from neutron bombardment of lighter elements, nobody expected neutrons to have enough energy to actually split a heavier atom into two light element fragments. However, the chemist Ida Noddack had criticised Fermi's work and had suggested that some of his experiments could have produced lighter elements. At the time, Fermi dismissed this possibility on the basis of calculations.

Fermi was well-known for his simplicity in solving problems[3]. He began his inquiries with the simplest lines of mathematical reasoning, then later produced complete solutions to the problems he deemed worth pursuing. His abilities as a great scientist, combining theoretical and applied nuclear physics, were acknowledged by all. He influenced many physicists who worked with him, such as Hans Bethe, who spent two semesters working with Fermi in the early 1930s. From the time he was a boy, Fermi meticulously recorded his calculations in notebooks, and later used to solve many new problems that he encountered based on these earlier known problems.

When Fermi submitted his famous paper on beta decay to the prestigious journal Nature, the journal's editor turned it down because "it contained speculations which were too remote from reality". Thus Fermi saw the theory published in Italian and in German before it was published in English. Nature eventually did publish Fermi's report on beta decay on January 16, 1939.

Fermi remained in Rome until 1938.

恩裡科·費米（Enrico Fermi，1901年9月29日—1954年11月28日），美籍義大利裔物理學家，1938年諾貝爾物理學獎獲得者。他對理論物理學和實驗物理學方面均有重大貢獻，首創了β衰變的定量理論，負責設計建造了世界首座自持續鏈式裂變核反應爐，發展了量子理論。

費米出生於義大利首都羅馬，父親阿爾貝托·費米是通訊部的職員。他在中學時代就展現了在數學和物理方面的才能。1918年獲得比薩高等師範學校的獎學金。四年之後他在比薩大學獲得了物理學博士，導師是普契安提教授。
　　1923年到1924年期間，他通過義大利政府和洛克菲勒基金會的資助訪問了德國哥廷根大學的馬克思·玻恩教授和荷蘭萊頓大學的艾倫法斯特教授。1924年，他回到義大利，在佛羅倫斯大學任職數學物理和力學科講師。
　　1926年，費米發現了一種新的統計定律—費米-狄拉克統計。他發現這種統計適用於所有遵循泡利不相容原理的粒子，這些粒子現在被稱為費米子。費米-狄拉克統計和玻色子所遵循的玻色-愛因斯坦統計是量子世界的基本統計規律。
　　1927年，費米當選為羅馬大學的理論物理學教授。他在這個教席上一直任職到1938年。由於他的夫人蘿拉是猶太裔，為逃避墨索里尼法西斯政府的迫害，他們在1938年接受諾貝爾獎之後移居到了美國。1938年到1942年期間，費米任紐約哥倫比亞大學教授。從1942年直至去世，他是芝加哥大學的物理學教授。
　　在羅馬大學的早期時間費米主要的研究課題是電動力學和光譜學，但是隨後他把研究重點放在了原子核本身而不是核外電子上。1934年他在原先的輻射理論和泡利的中微子理論基礎上提出了β衰變的費米理論。在人工放射性被發現後不久，他實驗演示了幾乎所有元素在中子轟炸下都會發生核變化。這個工作促使了慢中子和核裂變的發現。
　　在1939年哈恩和斯特拉斯曼發現核裂變後，費米馬上意識到次級中子和鏈式反應的可能性。1942年12月2日他在芝加哥大學體育場的壁球館試驗成功了首座受控核反應爐。在二戰期間第一枚原子彈的建造過程中（曼哈頓計畫），他是主要領導者之一。
　　第二次世界大戰之後，費米的主要研究方向是高能物理，他在介子核相互作用和宇宙射線的來源等方面都做出了開創性的工作。費米於1954年在芝加哥去世。
　　由於在人工放射性和慢中子方面的工作，費米被授予了1938年諾貝爾物理學獎。他還是一位傑出的老師。他的學生中有六位獲得過諾貝爾物理學獎。為紀念這位物理學家，費米國家實驗室和芝加哥大學的費米研究所都以他的名字命名。