愛薇塔樂學英文

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　　修辭目的題（Rhetorical Purpose）：考查讀者透過表面特定的修辭方法/方式發掘潛在的目的能力。要求讀者發現外在修辭特徵背後的修辭目的。

　　例題：

　　Fine-art objects are not constructed by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not crack, deteriorate, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demand of the laws of physics, not the sculptor‘s aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces （iron being much stronger than bronze）.

　　Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance？

　　A. To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that an artist tries to overcome. B. To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physics C. To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems related to the laws of physics D. To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology

　　正確答案是A.這一端是一個完整篇章的節選，完整的文章參見本書第18頁的文章。這篇文章從多個角度分析了applied-art object和fine-art object的不同。如果讀一下全文，我們會知道本題中的這一段是從laws of physics（物理規律）是如何在這兩類藝術品上應用的，具體的講，這一段是講物理規律是如何應用在fine-art object上的。

　　這一段的第一、二句話告訴我們：“fine-art objects在應用物理規律時是與applied-art objects不同的。與applied-art objects不同，fine-art objects在應用物理規律時不注重功能，更加關注的是材料的使用”。這些資訊就排除了選項B，因為在製作fine-art objects的時候藝術家們也是要關注物理規律的，只是從功能轉到了材料應用上。在接下來的幾句中，作者提供的是具體的細節，考生完全沒有必要太拘泥於理解細節中的每一個詞，相反，考生應該通過這接下來的幾句話瞭解到一下資訊：為了使雕塑作品穩定，藝術家必須瞭解properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress這些物理規律。畫家也必須瞭解一些物理規律，這樣才能使自己的畫避免 “canvas will be taut, and the paint must not crack, deteriorate, or discolor”這樣的損害。在講完這兩個細節之後，作者說“These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work”，“這些問題是藝術家在完成作品是必須克服的”。然後用for example來帶出一個具體的例子，這也是細節。而引用這個例子的目的就是為了說明“這些問題是藝術家在完成作品是必須克服的”，所以顯而是符合選項A。