愛薇塔樂學英文

美國100位歷史名人榜(15)：Theodore Roosevelt希歐多爾·羅斯福

Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the Unite

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Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States. He is well remembered for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, model of masculinity, and his "cowboy" image. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (1901–1909) he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.

Born to a wealthy family, Roosevelt was an unhealthy child suffering from asthma who stayed at home studying natural history. In response to his physical weakness, he embraced a strenuous life. He attended Harvard, where he boxed and developed an interest in naval affairs. A year out of Harvard, in 1881 he ran for a seat in the state legislature. His first historical book, The Naval War of 1812, published in 1882, established his reputation as a serious historian. After a few years of living in the Badlands, Roosevelt returned to New York City, where he gained fame for fighting police corruption. He was effectively running the US Department of the Navy when the Spanish American War broke out; he resigned and led a small regiment in Cuba known as the Rough Riders, earning himself a nomination for the Medal of Honor (Which was received on the Presidents behalf January 16, 2001). After the war, he returned to New York and was elected Governor; two years later he was nominated for and elected Vice President of the United States.

In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated, and Roosevelt became president at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase "Square Deal" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair shake under his policies. As an outdoorsman and naturalist, he promoted the conservation movement. On the world stage, Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, "Speak softly and carry a big stick". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power, and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Roosevelt declined to run for re-election in 1908. After leaving office, he embarked on a safari to Africa and a trip to Europe. On his return to the US, a rift developed between Roosevelt and his anointed successor as President, William Howard Taft. Roosevelt attempted in 1912 to wrest the Republican nomination from Taft, and when he failed, he launched the Bull Moose Party. In the election, Roosevelt became the only third party candidate to come in second place, beating Taft but losing to Woodrow Wilson. After the election, Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition to South America; the river on which he traveled now bears his name. He contracted malaria on the trip, which damaged his health, and he died a few years later, at the age of 60. Roosevelt has consistently been ranked by scholars as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents.

Presidency 1901–1909
On September 6, President McKinley was shot while at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. Initial reports in the succeeding days suggested his condition was improving, so Roosevelt embarked on a vacation at Mount Marcy in upstate New York, across the state from Buffalo. He was returning from a climb to the summit on September 13 when a park ranger brought him a telegram informing him that McKinley's condition had deteriorated, and he was near death.

Official White House portrait by John Singer SargentRoosevelt and his family immediately departed to go to Buffalo. When they reached the nearest train station at North Creek, at 5:22am on September 14, he received another telegram that McKinley had died a few hours earlier. Roosevelt arrived in Buffalo that afternoon, and was sworn in there as President at 3:30pm.

Roosevelt continued McKinley's cabinet and promised to continue McKinley's policies. One of his first notable acts as president was to deliver a 20,000-word address to Congressasking it to curb the power of large corporations (called "trusts"). For his aggressive attacks on trusts over his two terms he has been called a "trust-buster."

In the 1904 presidential election, Roosevelt won the presidency in his own right in a landslide victory. His vice president was Charles Fairbanks.

Roosevelt dealt with union workers also. In May 1902, United Mine Workers went on strike to get higher pay wages and shorter work days. He set up a fact-finding commission which stopped the strike. It resulted in the workers getting more pay for less hours.

In 1905, he issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which allows the United States to "exercise international policy power" so they can intervene and keep smaller countries on their feet.

Roosevelt helped the well-being of people by passing laws such as The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and The Pure Food and Drug Act. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 banned misleading labels and preservatives that contained harmful chemicals in them. The Pure Food and Drug Act banned food and drugs, that are impure or falsely labeled, from being made, sold, and shipped.

The Gentlemen's Agreement came into play in 1907, banning all school segregation, yet controlling Japanese immigration in California. That same year, Roosevelt signed the proclamation establishing Oklahoma as the 46th state of the Union.

Building on McKinley's effective use of the press, Roosevelt made the White House the center of news every day, providing interviews and photo opportunities. After noticing the White House reporters huddled outside in the rain one day, he gave them their own room inside, effectively inventing the presidential press briefing. The grateful press, with unprecedented access to the White House, rewarded Roosevelt with ample coverage.

He chose not to run for another term in 1908, and supported William Taft for the presidency, instead of Fairbanks. Fairbanks withdrew from the race, and would later support Taft for re-election against Roosevelt in the 1912 election.

 希歐多爾·羅斯福希歐多爾·羅斯福（Theodore Roosevelt，Jr.，人稱老羅斯福，昵稱泰迪（Teddy） 1858年10月27日—1919年1月6日），美國軍事家、政治家，第26任總統(1901-1909)。曾任海軍副部長，1900年當選副總統。1901年總統威廉·麥金萊(William McKinley)被無政府主義者刺殺身亡，他繼任成為美國總統，時年42歲,他的獨特個性和改革主義政策，使他成為美國歷史上最偉大的總統之一。

在他的總統任期內，對國內的主要貢獻是建立資源保護政策，保護了森林、礦產、石油等資源；建立公平交易法案，推動勞資和解。對外奉行門羅主義，實行擴張政策，建設強大軍隊，干涉美洲事務。　　　

希歐多爾·羅斯福發動“進步主義”運動。他們主張用聯邦政府的權力對現行秩序加以改革，使美國社會重新走向和諧。他們把反壟斷作為改革的主要內容。希歐多爾·羅斯福的改革理念是調整財產與公共福利的關係，重新把公共福利置於個人財產，即發展之上。在他看來，這是重建社會和諧的主旨。希歐多爾·羅斯福說，“我們正面臨著財產對人類福利的新看法……有人錯誤地認為，一切同利潤相比都是次要的。現在，這樣的人必須給那些維護人類福利的人民讓步了。每個人擁有的財產都要服從社會的整體權利，按公共福利的要求來規定使用到什麼程度。”　　　

在這一理念指導下，希歐多爾·羅斯福開始反壟斷鬥爭，他把矛頭指向摩根的鐵路控股公司———北方證券公司，對它提出起訴。他又強迫一個煤礦接受政府對罷工的調解，這是聯邦政府第一次支援有組織的罷工。希歐多爾·羅斯福的這些行動得到了人民的稱道，他因此獲得了“托拉斯爆破手”的美名。但他也遭到了保守派的攻擊，1896年總統的製造者、政治老闆馬克·漢娜大罵這個“該死的牛仔”。華爾街因他的“墮落”而“目瞪口呆”。希歐多爾·羅斯福的改革引起了共和黨的，保守派堅決反對他的改革，他本人則退出共和黨另組進步党參加總統大選。　

他因成功地調停了日俄戰爭而獲得1906年的諾貝爾和平獎，他是第一個獲得此獎項的美國人。在調停過程中，他敏銳地察覺新崛起的日本對美國構成的潛在威脅，認識到巴拿馬運河對美國不僅具有經濟價值，而且能夠使美國海軍艦隊在太平洋和大西洋之間的調動更加快捷，具有重要的軍事戰略意義。因此，他在任內竭力推動巴拿馬運河工程，並且視其為自己最偉大的成就。　　　

他卸任後的1912年，他與共和黨意見有分歧，於是脫離共和黨，代表進步黨參選總統，試圖東山再起，但敗於美國民主黨的候選人伍德羅·威爾遜，從此退出政壇。　他的第五個侄兒佛蘭克林·羅斯福(Franklin Delano Roosevelt)日後也當選為美國總統。　　　

著作有《給孩子們的信》、《在西部的勝利》、《1812年戰爭中的海戰》等。