愛薇塔樂學英文

99 Richard Nixon99 理查·尼克森He broke the New Deal majority, and then broke his presidency on a

99 Richard Nixon
99 理查·尼克森

He broke the New Deal majority, and then broke his presidency on a scandal that still haunts America.
他廢除了自羅斯福總統以來實行的大多數新政，接著他用一個至今仍在美國人心中揮之不去的醜聞廢了自己的總統生涯。

 Richard M. Nixon

Reconciliation was the first goal set by President Richard M. Nixon. The Nation was painfully divided, with turbulence in the cities and war overseas. During his Presidency, Nixon succeeded in ending American fighting in Viet Nam and improving relations with the U.S.S.R. and China. But the Watergate scandal brought fresh divisions to the country and ultimately led to his resignation.

His election in 1968 had climaxed a career unusual on two counts: his early success and his comeback after being defeated for President in 1960 and for Governor of California in 1962.

Born in California in 1913, Nixon had a brilliant record at Whittier College and Duke University Law School before beginning the practice of law. In 1940, he married Patricia Ryan; they had two daughters, Patricia (Tricia) and Julie. During World War II, Nixon served as a Navy lieutenant commander in the Pacific.

On leaving the service, he was elected to Congress from his California district. In 1950, he won a Senate seat. Two years later, General Eisenhower selected Nixon, age 39, to be his running mate.

As Vice President, Nixon took on major duties in the Eisenhower Administration. Nominated for President by acclamation in 1960, he lost by a narrow margin to John F. Kennedy. In 1968, he again won his party's nomination, and went on to defeat Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey and third-party candidate George C. Wallace.

His accomplishments while in office included revenue sharing, the end of the draft, new anticrime laws, and a broad environmental program. As he had promised, he appointed Justices of conservative philosophy to the Supreme Court. One of the most dramatic events of his first term occurred in 1969, when American astronauts made the first moon landing.

Some of his most acclaimed achievements came in his quest for world stability. During visits in 1972 to Beijing and Moscow, he reduced tensions with China and the U.S.S.R. His summit meetings with Russian leader Leonid I. Brezhnev produced a treaty to limit strategic nuclear weapons. In January 1973, he announced an accord with North Viet Nam to end American involvement in Indochina. In 1974, his Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, negotiated disengagement agreements between Israel and its opponents, Egypt and Syria.

In his 1972 bid for office, Nixon defeated Democratic candidate George McGovern by one of the widest margins on record.

Within a few months, his administration was embattled over the so-called "Watergate" scandal, stemming from a break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee during the 1972 campaign. The break-in was traced to officials of the Committee to Re-elect the President. A number of administration officials resigned; some were later convicted of offenses connected with efforts to cover up the affair. Nixon denied any personal involvement, but the courts forced him to yield tape recordings which indicated that he had, in fact, tried to divert the investigation.

As a result of unrelated scandals in Maryland, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in 1973. Nixon nominated, and Congress approved, House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford as Vice President.

Faced with what seemed almost certain impeachment, Nixon announced on August 8, 1974, that he would resign the next day to begin "that process of healing which is so desperately needed in America."

In his last years, Nixon gained praise as an elder statesman. By the time of his death on April 22, 1994, he had written numerous books on his experiences in public life and on foreign policy.

 
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理查·米爾豪斯·尼克森（Richard Milhous Nixon，1913年1月9日~1994年4月22日）美國第37位總統（1969年1月20日~1973年1月20日，1973年1月20日~1974年8月9日）

早年
　　1913年1月9日，尼克森生於美國加利福尼亞州洛杉磯附近的約巴林達鎮。愛爾蘭人後裔。父親是汽車加油站和百貨店老闆。尼克森畢業于惠蒂爾學院和迪克大學。1934年獲惠特爾學院學士學位。後進杜克大學專修法學，1937年獲法學士學位。1937年至1942 年在加利福尼亞州惠特爾當律師。1938年6月加入共和黨。1940年，尼克森與特爾瑪·凱薩琳·羅恩結婚，有兩個女兒。1942年至1946年在海軍服役，升為海軍少校，復員後曾兩次入選參議院。
　　1946年，尼克森當選為美國眾議院共和黨議員，開始步入政界。1950年當選為美國聯邦參議員。1952年，他作為艾森豪的競選夥伴，當選為美國副總統，任副總統4年。1956年他再度當選為美國副總統。1960年尼克森競選總統，以微弱票差被約翰·甘迺迪擊敗，又在1962年競選加利福尼亞州州長時落敗而暫時離開國家權力中樞。競選失敗後，尼克森先後在洛杉磯和紐約從事律師工作。

總統任期

1968年尼克森重返政壇，在當年的美國大選中，他擊敗民主黨人韓弗理和獨立競選人華萊士，當選為美國第46屆（第37任）總統。1972年1月連任第37屆總統。執政後，尼克森對內的目標是抑制通貨膨脹，重振美國經濟。對外，提出尼克森主義，與中華人民共和國直接接觸。
　　尼克森於1972年2月首次訪華，打開了兩國關係的大門，成為訪問中國的第一位美國總統。訪華期間中美兩國政府發表了著名的《上海公報》。尼克森為打開中美關係大門並為改善和發展中美兩國關係作出了重要貢獻。1973年，結束了越南戰爭。同年，蘇聯領導人回訪美國，雙方宣告冷戰結束。1974年8月8日，尼克森因“水門事件”辭職，成為美國有史以來第一個自動辭職的總統。
　　
在尼克森的任期內，將美國軍隊撤出了越南，逐漸結束了那場使國家陷入危機的戰爭。透過乒乓球活動嘗試與中華人民共和國建立外交關係，並支持中國進入聯合國，史稱“乒乓外交”，改善了中美關係。尼克森於1972年2月訪華，是美國總統第一次訪問一個同美國沒有正式外交關係的國家，對中國的7天訪問被稱為“改變世界的一周”。訪華期間中美兩國政府發表了著名的《上海公報》。尼克森為打開中美關係大門並為改善和發展中美兩國關係作出了重要貢獻。中美兩國關係正常化，美中蘇三角外交的態勢開始形成，在很長一段時間裡成為決定國際形勢發展的重要因素之一。

水門事件
　　所謂“水門事件”，是指1972年6月17日，在華盛頓水門公寓民主黨全國委員會總部查獲的竊聽事件。當時（6月17日淩晨2點30分）有5人被捕，他們帶著手套、電筒、複雜的偷聽工具和電子竊聽器。事件的起因是由於尼克森吩咐查理斯·科爾森去搞民主黨全委會總部主要負責人拉裡·奧布賴恩的情報。可是，由於民主黨對此早有提防，而中央情報局又自始至終監視著竊聽者的行蹤，所以竊聽者的一切努力都敗露了。這件事發生在美國總統競選期間，後來追究到“總統競選連任委員會”中的官員們，一些政府官員先後辭職了。其他一些官員，包括前司法部長約翰·米切爾，前白宮辦公廳主任霍爾德曼、前內務部總顧問埃利希曼，由於極力掩蓋這個事件而觸犯了法律。尼克森則否認這個事件和自己有任何瓜葛。但是法庭強迫他交出那些表明他實際上企圖逃避調查的錄音磁帶，結果他不得不把磁帶交了出來。1974年7月8日，最高法院以八票對零票通過了對尼克森不利的裁決。與此同時，報紙社論發出要他辭職的輿論，國會也不停地呼籲，要對他進行彈劾。尼克森於8月7日在給霍爾德曼打電話，告訴他已決定辭職時，他說：“我簡直得不到國會的政治支持，而我要繼續擔任總統是需要這種支援的。我不能眼看由於6 個月或更長時間的彈劾審判，國家陷於，我們的對外政策遭到破壞。”於是他在第二天宣佈辭去了總統職務。1個月之後，尼克森被赦免一切與“水門事件”有關的罪名，而20名自認為是代表總統採取行動的總統下屬人員都被定了罪。

著作
　　尼克森1962年寫了《6次危機》一書，記敘他自己的生活經歷，自道短長，自言甘苦。退出政壇後，他在隱居式生活中大量讀書，尤其偏愛政治家的著作。讀書之余以筆耕為樂，於70年代末和80年代先後出版了《尼克森回憶錄》、《真正的戰爭》、《領袖們》、《不再有越戰》和《1999：不戰而勝》、《超越和平》。