9 of the world's greatest tunnels世界上最大的隧道9
The world's longest road tunnel, Norway's Lærdal Tunnel has features designed to alleviate claustrophobia and tiredness.Length: 24.5 kilometers- 2014 marks the 20th anniversary of the opening of the Channel Tunnel
- The 24.5-kilometer Laerdal Tunnel in West Norway is the world's longest road tunnel
- At 460 feet below sea level the Seikan Tunnel is the longest and deepest rail tunnel in the world
(CNN) -- This year marks the 20th anniversary of the opening of the Channel Tunnel linking France with the United Kingdom, and the 50th anniversary of the deal which led to its creation.
To mark the occasion, we're taking a look at some of the world's greatest tunnels.
MORE: 25 of mankind's greatest engineering achievements
Channel Tunnel (UK and France)
Connecting the United Kingdom with continental Europe (it has entrances/exits in Folkestone, Kent, and Pas-de-Calais in northern France), the tunnel has the world's longest undersea section -- 37.9 kilometers (23.5 miles).
Though a marvel of the modern age, it wasn't a new idea when it was built.
French engineer Albert Mathieu proposed a tunnel under the English Channel in 1802, although his plans included an artificial island mid-channel where horse-drawn carriages could make maintenance stops.
"This tunnel defined the term 'mega project,'" says Matt Sykes, tunnel expert and director at engineering company Arup.
"It fundamentally changed the geography of Europe and helped to reinforce high speed rail as a viable alternative to short-haul flights."
Length: 50 kilometers (31 miles)
Fast fact: Though both the English and French put in work to build the Channel Tunnel, the English side tunneled a greater distance.
More info: Euro Tunnel
MORE: 24 of the world's most amazing bridges
Laerdal Tunnel (Aurland, Norway)
The Laerdal Tunnel in West Norway is the world's longest road tunnel and cost $153 million to build, which works out at $6,250 per meter.
The length of the tunnel prompted engineers to include various features designed to alleviate claustrophobia and tiredness.
"The sheer length of tunnel -- which takes 20 minutes to drive through -- led to innovation in the use of behavioral science and driver psychology in the design to reduce driver fatigue and improve safety," says Sykes.
"This resulted in large, colorfully lit caverns every six kilometers, providing points of interest and a unique driver experience."
Length: 24.5 kilometers (15.2 miles)
Fast fact: Engineers separated the tunnel into different sections to give the illusion that drivers are traveling through a number of smaller tunnels.
In these smaller sections drivers can take breaks, or even have a wedding ceremony, as one adventurous couple has previously done.
More info: The Fjords
MORE: World's top underground tourist attractions
Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line (Tokyo)
It's easy to mistake this tunnel for a bridge because part of the structure comprises a 4.4-kilometer span as well as a 9.6-kilometer subsea conduit.
The Aqua Line crosses Tokyo Bay and connects the cities of Kawasaki and Kisarazu.
It reduced the journey time between the two from 90 to 15 minutes.
"This project required the world's largest undersea tunnel boring machines and set the precedent for constructing two-lane road tunnels," points out Matt Sykes at Arup.
"The resilience of the construction was demonstrated during the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean earthquake, which caused severe damage to Tokyo Bay."
Length: 14 kilometers total (8.7 miles)
Fast fact: Constructed atop the Tokyo Bay Aqua Line is an island that functions as a rest area and mall.
The man-made island, called Umi-Hotaru, is a popular scenic point with an observation deck that gives a great view of Tokyo Bay.
More info: Nippon Civil Consulting Engineers
MORE: 25 great skyscrapers: icons of construction
Eisenhower Tunnel (Colorado)
Colorado's Eisenhower road tunnel is one of the world's highest, located 3,401 meters (11,158 feet) above sea level, at the highest point on the U.S. interstate highway system.
It played a significant role in the women's rights movement when Janet Bonnema was hired as a construction worker in 1972.
Her supervisor misread her name as James, but realized his mistake and reassigned her to administrative duties after workers -- many of whom were former miners -- cited the common superstition that a woman's presence can bring bad luck to a mine.
Bonnema sued and was allowed to return to the tunnel.
A new equal rights law was subsequently passed.
Length: 2.72 kilometers (1.7 miles)
Fast fact: Prior to the tunnel's official opening in 1972, a drunk driver believed he should be the first person to take a vehicle through and was arrested for trespassing.
Charges were subsequently dropped because the signs prohibiting traffic were considered inadequate.
More info: Colorado Department of Transportation
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Spiralen Tunnel (Drammen, Norway)
The dramatic Spiralen road tunnel, built in 1961 and comprising six spirals covering 1,649 meters (5,413 feet), leads to one of the most spectacular viewpoints in the industrial town of Drammen.
"Despite being an expensive country, Norway builds some of the cheapest tunnels," says Alun Thomas, head of tunnels at engineering consultancy Ramboll.
"This is because the engineers strip the design down to the bare essentials required for the flow of traffic in the tunnels. Maximum benefit for minimum effort -- that's good engineering."
Length: 1.65 kilometers (1.02 miles)
Fast fact: The tunnel opens out to a dramatic view of Drammen Valley and has a beer garden, restaurants and open-air museum.
MORE: 10 of the world's 'blobbiest' buildings
Guoliang Tunnel (Henan Province, China)
Before the construction of this impressive tunnel, the only way to access the village of Guoliang was via a narrow path carved into the side of the Taihang Mountains.
In 1972, a group of 13 villagers decided to construct a tunnel, which they dug by hand.
Three died during the construction process but the tunnel transformed the village and became a tourist attraction in its own right.
"This tunnel is beautiful and a tribute the tenacity of the villagers who built it," says Thomas at Ramboll.
"For me it emphasizes how tunnel construction can enhance the environment as well as bringing huge benefits for society. At the same time, one should remember the cost and the fact that several villagers were killed during construction."
Length: 1.2 kilometers (0.74 miles)
Fast fact: The tunnel was built jagged and steep due to the village's primitive tools, earning it the nickname: "The road that does not tolerate any mistakes."
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SMART (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)
"SMART is a combined road and flood relief tunnel," explains Thomas at Ramboll.
"It can be completely flooded to get rid of storm water and turned back into a road in a few hours."
The tunnel, the longest in Malaysia, was built to solve the problem of flash flooding in Kuala Lumpur.
SMART can operate in three ways.
When there's no flooding, it serves purely as a road tunnel.
When there are floods, rainwater can be diverted into a lower channel, and the upper level will remain open to traffic.
When exceptionally heavy floods occur, the tunnel closes to all traffic and watertight gates open to allow floodwater to flow through.
Length: 9.7 kilometers (6.02 miles)
Fast fact: The tunnel is expected to prevent billions of dollars of possible flood damage and costs from traffic congestion.
Since it opened in 2007, flood-prone areas such as Masjid Jamek, Dataran Merdeka, Leboh Ampang and Jalan Melaka have been spared inundation.
More info: SMART Motorway Tunnel
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Bund Sightseeing Tunnel (Shanghai)
This underwater Chinese tunnel is short and sweet, but spectacular and slightly strange.
It spans the Huangpu River and connects Shanghai's Bund to Lujiazui, location of the Pearl TV tower.
Passengers were originally going to be ferried from one side to the other on a moving walkway, but automated cars were installed instead.
Length: 646.7 meters (2,122 feet)
Fast fact: A company that had worked with Disney was originally supposed to help design the tunnel, but was deemed too expensive.
Instead a Shanghai-based company created the tunnel's psychedelic lights and trippy audio-visual effects.
The ride is apparently meant to represent a journey to the core of the earth, and the tunnel currently ranks as one of Shanghai's top five tourist attractions.
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Seikan Tunnel (Japan)
The Seikan is a railway tunnel in Japan, but what makes it unique is the fact that a 23-kilometer (14.2 miles) stretch of the tunnel is 140 meters (460 feet) below sea level.
It's the longest and deepest rail tunnel in the world, and spans the Tsugaru Strait, connecting Aomori Prefecture on the island of Honshu to the island of Hokkaido.
Work on the tunnel started in 1964 and was completed in 1988.
Length: 53 kilometers (32.9 miles)
Fast fact: In 1976, construction workers hit a patch of soft rock and water gushed into the tunnel at a rate of 80 tons per minute. The leak took two months to fix.
- 2014馬克英吉利海峽隧道通車20週年
- 在24.5公里的隧道的Laerdal西挪威是世界上最長的公路隧道
- 在460英尺以下海平面的青函隧道是世界上最長，最深的鐵路隧道
（CNN） -今年是海峽隧道通車連接法國與英國的20週年，並導致其創作這筆交易的50週年。
為了紀念這個日子，我們正在做一個看看一些世界上最大的隧道。
英吉利海峽隧道（英國和法國）
連接英國與歐洲大陸（它有入口/出口在福克斯通，肯特郡和PAS-DE-Calais在法國北部），隧道擁有世界上最長的海底部分 - 37.9公里（23.5公里）。
雖然現代的奇蹟，這不是當它被建立了新的思路。
法國工程師阿爾伯特馬修提出了英吉利海峽隧道於1802年，雖然他的計劃包括一個人工島上中旬頻道裡的馬車可以讓維修站。
“這條隧道中定義的術語”大型項目“，”馬特賽克斯，隧道專家和主管工程公司奧雅納說。
“這從根本上改變了歐洲的地理和幫助，以加強高速鐵路作為一種可行的替代短途航班。”
長度： 50公里（31哩）
快速f 行為：雖然兩者的英語和法語在把工作建立英吉利海峽隧道，英文側隧道有較大的距離。
更多信息：歐洲隧道
挪度隧道（艾於蘭，挪威）
該挪度隧道西挪威是世界上最長的公路隧道，耗資五千三百萬元興建，該工程列於6250美元每米。
隧道的長度促使工程師們包括旨在減輕幽閉恐懼症和疲勞的各種功能。
“隧道的絕對長度 - 這需要20分鐘車程，通過 - 導致了創新的設計，以減少駕駛員的疲勞，提高安全性使用行為科學和心理學驅動的，”賽克斯說。
“這導致了大，燈火輝煌溶洞每六公里處，提供的利益和獨特的駕駛體驗點。”
長度： 24.5公里（15.2哩）
快的事實：工程師分離隧道分成不同的部分，讓駕車人士通過一些小的隧道行駛的錯覺。
在這些更小的部分司機可以採取休息，甚至有一個婚禮，因為一個冒險的夫婦以前完成。
更多信息：峽灣
東京灣- 線（東京）
人們很容易誤以為這條隧道的橋樑，因為結構部分包括一個4.4公里長的跨度，以及一個9.6公里長的海底管道。
在Aqua線穿過東京灣，連接川崎和木更津的城市。
它減少了兩個來自90到15分鐘的行車時間。
“這個項目所需要的世界上最大的海底隧道掘進機開了先例構建的雙車道公路隧道，”指出馬特·賽克斯在奧雅納。
“建築的復原力2011年東北地方太平洋近海地震，造成東京灣嚴重損壞期間被證明。”
長度： 14公里總額（8.7哩）
快的事實：建造上蓋的東京灣線是一個島國，其功能如同一個休息區和購物中心。
該人工島，叫海 - 螢，是一種流行的風景點有一個觀景台，讓東京灣的美景。
更多信息：日本土木諮詢工程師
艾森豪威爾隧道（科羅拉多州）
科羅拉多州的艾森豪威爾公路隧道是世界上海拔最高，位於3401米（11158英尺）海拔之一，在美國州際公路系統的最高點。
它在女權運動中發揮了顯著作用，當珍妮特Bonnema被聘為一名建築工人在1972年。
她的上司誤解了她的名字是詹姆斯，但意識到自己的錯誤並重新分配她的行政工作人員後 - 其中許多人是前礦工 - 列舉了常見的迷信，一個女人的存在會帶來壞運氣到了地雷。
Bonnema起訴及被允許返回到隧道。
隨後一個新的平等權利法通過。
長度： 2.72公里（1.7哩）
快的事實：在此之前，1972年隧道的正式通車，一個醉酒的司機認為他應該是第一人，通過採取車輛和非法侵入被逮捕。
費隨後丟棄，因為禁止交通標誌被認為不充分。
更多信息：交通運輸部科羅拉多州
Spiralen等Ŧ unnel（德拉門，挪威）
戲劇性的Spiralen等公路隧道，建於1961年，由六個螺旋覆蓋1649米（5,413英尺），導致了工業強鎮德拉門的最壯觀的觀景點之一。
“儘管是一個昂貴的國家，挪威建立了一些最便宜的隧道，”阿倫·托馬斯，隧道主管工程諮詢RAMBOLL說。
“這是因為工程師在設計降低到所需的交通，在隧道內流動的最基本最小的努力的最大利益 - 這就是良好的工程。”
長度： 1.65公里（1.02哩）
快速f 行為：隧道通向德拉谷的戲劇性景觀，並設有啤酒花園，餐廳和露天博物館。
國樑隧道（河南省，中國）
這個令人印象深刻的隧道施工前，訪問國良村的唯一方式是通過雕刻成太行山一側的狹窄的道路。
1972年，一組13個村民決定興建一條隧道，這是他們挖的手。
在施工過程中的三個死亡，但隧道改造的村莊，並在其自己的權利成為一個旅遊景點。
“這條隧道是美麗的，貢品是誰建了村民的韌勁，”托馬斯在RAMBOLL說。
“對我來說，它強調的隧道施工如何改善環境，以及帶來的社會巨大的利益。與此同時，人們應該記住的成本，事實上，幾位村民在施工期間被打死。”
長度： 1.2公里（0.74哩）
快速的事實：該隧道建成鋸齒和陡峭由於村里的原始的工具，贏得了一個綽號：“不容忍任何錯誤的道路。”
SMART（吉隆坡，馬來西亞）
“SMART是一個結合的道路，排洪隧道，解釋說：”托馬斯在RAMBOLL。
“它可以被完全淹沒擺脫雨水，轉身回在幾個小時之路。”
這條隧道，最長的在馬來西亞，始建解決山洪在吉隆坡的問題。
SMART可以通過三種方式進行操作。
如果沒有洪水，它純粹是作為一個公路隧道。
當有洪水，雨水可以被轉移到一個較低的通道，上水平將保持通車。
當異常大洪水發生時，隧道關閉所有交通和水密門打開，讓洪水流過。
長度： 9.7公里（6.02哩）
快速的事實：該隧道預計將防止數十億美元的可能的洪災損失和費用由交通擁堵。
因為它在2007年開業，洪水易發地區，如佳密清真寺，獨立廣場，Leboh和安邦惹馬六甲一直沒有出現洪水。
更多信息：智能高速公路隧道
外灘觀光隧道（上海）
這個水下中國隧道是短暫的甜蜜，但壯觀，有些蹊蹺。
它跨越黃浦江，連接上海外灘到陸家嘴，東方明珠電視塔的位置。
乘客原本要被擺渡從一側到另一上的自動人行道，但分別安裝自動車代替。
長度： 646.7米（2,122英尺）
快的事實：與迪斯尼曾某公司最初應該幫助設計隧道，但被認為過於昂貴。
取而代之的是上海的公司創造了隧道的迷幻的燈光和迷幻的視聽效果。
乘坐顯然是為了代表的旅程到地球的核心，隧道目前被列為上海的五大旅遊景區之一。
青函隧道（日本）
青函是日本鐵路隧道，但是什麼使得它獨特的是這樣一個事實：23公里（14.2哩）拉伸隧道140米（460英尺）海平面以下。
這是世界上最長，最深的鐵路隧道，並跨越津輕海峽，對本州北海道島島連接青森縣。
在隧道工程開始於1964年，並於1988年完成。
長度： 53公里（32.9哩）
快的事實：在1976年，建築工人打軟岩與水的補丁以每分鐘80噸的速度湧入隧道。洩漏花了兩個月來解決。
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