TOEFL托福閱讀小結題如何選出正確答案
Prose Summary 小結題
小結題是每一篇文章最後的那一道大題，需要從六個選項中選出三個作為正確答案，每一題兩分。我們首先來分析一下這個題目的題幹要求：
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
(一個總結性句子已經給出。通過選擇三個選項來完成這個總結，所選的選項需要表達原文最重要的資訊。有些選項不屬於總結性選項，因為他們表達了沒在原文中出現的資訊或者是原文中的細節資訊。此題兩分。)通過分析題幹給出的具體資訊，我們能夠看出，這道題目的關鍵要求在於選擇重要資訊，總結性資訊。也就意味著，有的選項雖然正確，但是如果它表達的是原文中的細節資訊，那麼依然不能作為正確答案，這是這道題目中最難的一個點。
讓我們來看一道例題:
13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
This question is worth 2 points. This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins.
Answer Choices
1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.
2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.
3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.
4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.
5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.
6. Ambulocetus’ hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.
這是每篇文章最後的一個大題，基於全文的基礎進行提問，所以，我們可以根據文章的關鍵句，先來判斷這篇文章的主要內容。以下摘選了文章的每個自然段的關鍵句，我們一起
來看一下：
THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS
第一自然段：It should be obvious that cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. …
第二自然段：Very exciting discoveries have finally__ allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. …
第三自然段：The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. …
第四自然段：Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. …
第五自然段：An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. …
首先，第一自然段綜述關於鯨類動物是哺乳動物的事實，到了第二自然段開始揭示鯨類動物起源的具體細節，說到科學家有一些重要發現，到了第三自然段開始交待第一種化石的名稱Pakicetus。第四自然段又提到另外一種化石發現，名字為Basilosaurus，最後一自然段提到第三種化石發現Ambulocetus natans，總結來說，這篇文章通過介紹三個化石來揭示了鯨類的起源。
接下來，我們來看以下選項，首先來看第一個選項：
1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.( 最近的化石發現幫助解釋了陸生哺乳動物與鯨類之間的關係)，此選項概括了本文的主要資訊，因此可以算作小結題的答案。2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.( 化石Ambulocetus natans 的發現提供了關於鯨及生活在陸地上又生活在海裡的依據)，Ambulocetus natans 是本文三個重要化石之一，且在本選項中體現了Ambulocetus natans 化石對於揭示鯨類起源的重要作用，因此算作小總結資訊從而作為正確選項。3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.(Basilosaurus 在一個叫做Tethys Sea 的地方被發現，這個地方有很多的化石)，此選項中雖然提到了本文的一個重要化石Basilosaurus，但是並沒有陳述Basilosaurus 對於揭示鯨類起源的作用，因此不能算作正確答案。換句話說，只提到Basilosaurus 化石所發現的地點是不足以作為本文的小結資訊的。4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.(Pakicetus 是迄今為止發現的最古老的鯨類化石)，此選項也提到了本文中重要化石Pakicetus，但並沒有提到Pakicetus 對於揭示鯨類起源的作用，因此不能作為小結題的重要選項。5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between
walking mammals and swimming whales were found.(被認為是陸生哺乳動物與水生鯨類之間的過渡化石被發現)，此選項概括了本文的主要內容，本文的主旨內容即是講述鯨類原本是陸生哺乳動物的事實，因此，5 是正確選項。6. Ambulocetus’ hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.(Ambulocetus natans 的後腿用來在水中前進)，本選項貌似也提到了重要化石Ambulocetus natans，但是Ambulocetus natans 的後腿用來在水中前進是一個細節資訊，因此不能作為正確答案。所以，本題的正確答案為125.
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